Multi-hazard risk assessment using GIS in urban areas: a case study for the city of Turrialba, Costa Rica

In the framework of the UNESCO sponsored project on “Capacity Building for Natural Disaster Reduction” a case study was carried out on multi-hazard risk assessment of the city of Turrialba, located in the central part of Costa Rica. The city with a population of 33,000 people is located in an area, which is regularly affected by flooding, landslides and earthquakes. In order to assist the local emergency commission and the municipality, a pilot study was carried out in the development of a GIS –based system for risk assessment and management. The work was made using an orthophoto as basis, on which all buildings, land parcels and roads, within the city and its direct surroundings were digitized, resulting in a digital parcel map, for which a number of hazard and vulnerability attributes were collected in the field. Based on historical information a GIS database was generated, which was used to generate flood depth maps for different return periods. For determining the seismic hazard a modified version of the Radius approach was used and the landslide hazard was determined based on the historical landslide inventory and a number of factor maps, using a statistical approach. The cadastral database of the city was used, in combination with the various hazard maps for different return periods to generate vulnerability maps for the city. In order to determine cost of the elements at risk, differentiation was made between the costs of the constructions and the costs of the contents of the buildings. The cost maps were combined with the vulnerability maps and the hazard maps per hazard type for the different return periods, in order to obtain graphs of probability versus potential damage. The resulting database can be a tool for local authorities to determine the effect of certain mitigation measures, for which a cost-benefit analysis can be carried out. The database also serves as an important tool in the disaster preparedness phase of disaster management at the municipal level

Правова відповідальність

У статті досліджено актуальні питання правової відповідальності.В статье исследованы актуальные вопросы правовой ответственности.The actual questions of law responsibility are researched in the article

Эффективность лигирования наружной сонной артерии с целью остановки кровотечения из неоперабельных злокачественных опухолей челюстно-лицевой области

Резюме. Согласно клиническим наблюдениям и гистологическим исследованиям возможно имплантационное метастазирование при применении традиционного доступа к наружной сонной артерии в случаях необходимости ее перевязки при неоперабельных злокачественных опухолях челюстно-лицевой области. Эффективность этого сосуда для остановки кровотечения из опухоли, локализующейся в области корня языка, дистальных отделов дна полости рта и ротоглотки недостаточна. Последнее обстоятельство мы связываем с тем, что в лигатуру не попала восходящая глоточная артерия, которую трудно идентифицировать при традиционном доступе. В разработанном нами доступе к наружной сонной артерии удалось избежать указанных недостатков, что подтверждено клиническими наблюдениями и гистологическими исследованиями. Ключевые слова: наружная сонная артерия, лимфатические узлы, регионарные метастазы, кровотечение, лигатура, имплантационные метастазы.Summary. As proved by clinical observations and histological examinations, the use of a traditional access in cases where delitigation of the external carotid artery is needed in patients with nonresectable malignant maxillofacial tumors may result in surgical implantation of metastases. There are also evidences that this vessel is not efficient enough to control bleeding in tumors located close to the root of the tongue or in distant areas of the mouth floor or the oropharynx. This latter effect can be caused by a failure to apply the ligature in such a way as to include the ascending pharyngeal artery, which is difficult to identify when the traditional access is used. The method to access the external carotid artery proposed by the authors is free from the above-mentioned flaws; this is proved by clinical observations and histological examinations. Key Words: external carotid artery, lymph nodes, regional metastases, bleeding, ligature, implanted metastases